Unit 19: Movements in Animals - Study Notes NMMS SAT
Here are the clean study notes for Unit 19: Movements in Animals without any source references.
Unit 19: Movements in Animals - Study Notes
I. Introduction to Movement and Locomotion
Movement: The act of changing place or position by one or more parts of the body. It helps perform necessary functions like pumping blood. It can be voluntary (e.g., walking) or involuntary (e.g., breathing).
Locomotion: The movement of an organism from one place to another. It helps organisms find food, avoid harsh weather, and escape predators.
Key Differences:
Level: Locomotion is at the organism level; Movement is at the biological level.
Voluntary Nature: Locomotion is always voluntary; Movement can be voluntary or involuntary.
Scope: Locomotion involves the whole organism; Movement involves parts of the organism.
II. Movement in Different Animals
1. Earthworm
Body Structure: Made of many rings joined end-to-end.
Mechanism: Moves by extending and shortening the body using muscles.
Anchoring: Uses bristles called setae connected to muscles to grip the ground.
Aid: A slimy substance secreted by the body helps in movement.
2. Cockroach
Legs: Three pairs of jointed legs for walking, running, and climbing.
Wings: Two pairs of wings for flying.
Exoskeleton: Body covered by a light protective material called chitin, which is shed regularly for growth.
Speed: Cockroaches are the fastest animals with 6 legs, covering a meter per second.
3. Birds
Body: Streamlined body with light, strong, hollow bones containing air spaces.
Flight Adaptations:
Forelimbs modified into wings.
Breast bones modified to hold massive flight muscles.
Wings and tail have long feathers.
Types of Flight:
Gliding: Wings and tail spread out; uses air currents.
Flapping: Active flight where wings beat the air.
4. Snake
Structure: Large number of vertebrae; ribs, skin, and vertebrae interconnected by slender body muscles.
Movement: Creates loops on its sides; the forward push of loops against the surface moves it forward.
Term: This movement is called slithering. Snakes use muscles and scales to move as they lack legs.
5. Fish
Structure: Streamlined body to reduce friction.
Mechanism: Moves by wave-like muscle contractions. The front part curves to one side while the tail stays in the opposite direction, then reverses, creating a jerk that pushes the body forward.
Fins: Paired and unpaired fins help in swimming and balance.
Tail Fin: The caudal (tail) fin helps in changing direction.
Speed Fact: The fastest mammal, the dolphin, can swim up to 35 miles per hour.
III. Types of Movements
Amoeboid Movement: Uses pseudopodia (false feet) which move with protoplasm (e.g., Amoeba).
Ciliary Movement: Uses cilia (hair-like extensions). Seen in the lymphatic system.
Muscular Movement: Complex movement using the musculoskeletal system. Seen in higher vertebrates.
IV. Joints
Definition: The point where two separate bones meet.
Ligaments: Tough fibrous connective tissues connecting bone to bone.
Tendons: Elastic tissues connecting muscle to bone.
Types of Joints:
Fixed (Immovable): No movement (e.g., Skull bones).
Slightly Movable: Very little movement (e.g., Ribs and breast bone, between vertebrae).
Freely Movable (Synovial): Varying degrees of movement. Contains synovial fluid.
Six Major Types of Movable Joints:
Ball and Socket: Greatest range of movement (3 planes). Examples: Shoulder, Hip.
Hinge: Movement in one plane (bending/straightening). Examples: Elbow, Knee, Ankle.
Pivot: Rotation mainly. Example: Spine (Atlas/Axis joint), Radius-Ulna.
Condyloid: Movement in two planes. Example: Wrist.
Gliding: Articulating surfaces are flat. Example: Spine vertebrae.
Saddle: One part concave, other convex. Example: Thumb, Shoulder, Inner ear.
Synovial Joints:
Characterized by a fluid-filled cavity (synovial fluid) that reduces friction.
Arthritis: Inflammation of joints due to friction (lack of synovial fluid) or uric acid crystal deposition.
V. The Skeletal System
Functions: Provides structure, protects organs, stores calcium/phosphorus, produces Red Blood Cells (in bone marrow), and acts as levers for movement.
Types:
Exoskeleton: External hard layer (e.g., Scales in fish, feathers in birds, tortoise shell).
Endoskeleton: Internal framework found in vertebrates.
Bone Facts:
Femur (Thigh bone): Longest and strongest bone.
Stapes (Middle ear): Smallest and lightest bone.
Parts of Skeleton:
1. Axial Skeleton (Central Axis):
Skull: 22 bones (8 Cranium + 14 Facial). Only the lower jaw (Mandible) is movable.
Vertebral Column (Backbone): Protects spinal cord. Made of vertebrae: 7 Cervical, 12 Thoracic, 5 Lumbar, 5 Sacral (fused), 3 Coccygeal (fused). Humans and giraffes have the same number of neck vertebrae.
Sternum (Rib Cage): 12 pairs of ribs.
True Ribs: First 10 pairs attached to breast bone (sternum).
Floating Ribs: Last 2 pairs are free at the front.
2. Appendicular Skeleton (Appendages):
Pectoral Girdle (Shoulder): Collar bone (Clavicle) + Shoulder blade (Scapula).
Pelvic Girdle (Hip): Strong bones to balance weight. Formed by 5 fused vertebrae.
Arm Bones: Humerus (upper arm), Radius & Ulna (forearm), Carpals (wrist), Metacarpals (palm), Phalanges (fingers).
Leg Bones: Femur (thigh), Tibia & Fibula (leg), Patella (knee cap), Tarsals (ankle), Metatarsals (foot), Phalanges (toes).
VI. Muscles
Function: Provide movement by contracting (shortening) and relaxing. They work in pairs called antagonistic pairs (e.g., Biceps and Triceps).
To bend arm: Biceps contract (flexor), Triceps relax.
To straighten arm: Triceps contract (extensor), Biceps relax.
Structure: Muscles have a fixed end (origin) and a movable end (insertion) attached to bone by tendons.
Types of Muscles:
Striated / Skeletal / Voluntary: Attached to bones. Multinucleate, unbranched. Used for voluntary actions (arms, legs).
Non-striated / Smooth / Involuntary: Found in blood vessels, iris, skin. Single nucleus, involuntary.
Cardiac: Found in the heart. Branched, 1-3 nuclei, involuntary.
Muscle Facts:
It takes 17 muscles to smile and 42 to frown.
The hardest working muscle is in the eye.
Goosebumps are caused by muscles in hair roots.
Here are 50 multiple-choice questions (MCQs) based on Unit 19: Movements in Animals, designed for your NMMS and TNPSC exam preparation.
Topic: Introduction & Movement in Animals
1. Movement of an organism from one place to another is known as:
a) Respiration
b) Locomotion
c) Growth
d) Sensitivity
Answer: b) Locomotion
2. Locomotion is always:
a) Involuntary
b) Voluntary
c) Passive
d) Automatic
Answer: b) Voluntary
3. Which of the following is an example of involuntary movement?
a) Walking
b) Running
c) Breathing
d) Swimming
Answer: c) Breathing
4. The body of an earthworm is made up of many:
a) Bones
b) Shells
c) Rings joined end to end
d) Scales
Answer: c) Rings joined end to end
5. Earthworms anchor themselves to the ground using tiny bristles called:
a) Cilia
b) Flagella
c) Setae
d) Villi
Answer: c) Setae
6. The outer hard protective layer of a cockroach is made of:
a) Calcium
b) Chitin
c) Cartilage
d) Bone
Answer: b) Chitin
7. How many pairs of legs does a cockroach have?
a) Two
b) Three
c) Four
d) Six
Answer: b) Three
8. Which animal is considered the fastest with 6 legs, covering a meter per second?
a) Ant
b) Spider
c) Cockroach
d) Beetle
Answer: c) Cockroach
9. Birds have what type of bones to help them fly?
a) Heavy and solid
b) Light and hollow
c) Flexible and soft
d) Flat and thick
Answer: b) Light and hollow
10. The movement of a snake is called:
a) Gliding
b) Slithering
c) Crawling
d) Hopping
Answer: b) Slithering
11. Fish move in water with the help of:
a) Legs
b) Wings
c) Fins
d) Flippers
Answer: c) Fins
12. Which fin helps the fish change direction?
a) Dorsal fin
b) Pectoral fin
c) Caudal (Tail) fin
d) Pelvic fin
Answer: c) Caudal (Tail) fin
13. The fastest swimming mammal is the:
a) Blue Whale
b) Dolphin
c) Shark
d) Seal
Answer: b) Dolphin
14. Snakes move by forming:
a) Straight lines
b) Loops
c) Circles
d) Jumps
Answer: b) Loops
15. Which of the following animals uses a "streamlined" body to reduce friction?
a) Earthworm
b) Cockroach
c) Fish
d) Human
Answer: c) Fish
Topic: Types of Movements & Joints
16. Amoeboid movement is brought about by:
a) Cilia
b) Flagella
c) Pseudopodia
d) Muscles
Answer: c) Pseudopodia
17. Ciliary movement is seen in:
a) Muscle cells
b) Lymphatic system cells
c) Nerve cells
d) Bone cells
Answer: b) Lymphatic system cells
18. The point at which two separate bones meet is called a:
a) Tendon
b) Ligament
c) Joint
d) Muscle
Answer: c) Joint
19. Which of the following is an example of a fixed (immovable) joint?
a) Knee
b) Skull bones
c) Elbow
d) Shoulder
Answer: b) Skull bones
20. A ball and socket joint allows movement in:
a) One plane
b) Two planes
c) Three planes
d) No planes
Answer: c) Three planes
21. The joint between the shoulder and arm is a:
a) Hinge joint
b) Pivot joint
c) Ball and Socket joint
d) Gliding joint
Answer: c) Ball and Socket joint
22. Which type of joint allows movement in only one plane (like a door)?
a) Pivot
b) Hinge
c) Gliding
d) Saddle
Answer: b) Hinge
23. The joint between the Atlas and Axis vertebrae is a:
a) Hinge joint
b) Pivot joint
c) Saddle joint
d) Ball and Socket joint
Answer: b) Pivot joint
24. Synovial joints are characterized by the presence of:
a) Air cavities
b) Synovial fluid
c) Hard shells
d) Fixed bones
Answer: b) Synovial fluid
25. A tough band of fibrous tissue that connects bone to bone is called:
a) Tendon
b) Cartilage
c) Ligament
d) Muscle
Answer: c) Ligament
26. A tissue that connects muscle to bone is called:
a) Ligament
b) Tendon
c) Cartilage
d) Joint
Answer: b) Tendon
27. Inflammation of joints due to lack of synovial fluid or uric acid crystals is called:
a) Osteoporosis
b) Arthritis
c) Fracture
d) Sprain
Answer: b) Arthritis
28. Which joint allows movement in two planes (e.g., Wrist)?
a) Condyloid
b) Pivot
c) Hinge
d) Ball and Socket
Answer: a) Condyloid
Topic: Skeletal System
29. The human skull is made up of how many bones?
a) 12
b) 22
c) 33
d) 206
Answer: b) 22
30. Which bone in the skull is the only movable one?
a) Upper jaw
b) Lower jaw (Mandible)
c) Nasal bone
d) Frontal bone
Answer: b) Lower jaw (Mandible)
31. The longest and strongest bone in the human body is:
a) Humerus
b) Tibia
c) Femur
d) Fibula
Answer: c) Femur
32. The smallest bone in the human body is found in the:
a) Nose
b) Finger
c) Middle ear (Stapes)
d) Toe
Answer: c) Middle ear (Stapes)
33. How many cervical (neck) vertebrae are present in humans?
a) 5
b) 7
c) 12
d) 4
Answer: b) 7
34. The rib cage consists of how many pairs of ribs?
a) 10
b) 12
c) 14
d) 22
Answer: b) 12
35. The last two pairs of ribs that are not attached to the breast bone are called:
a) True ribs
b) False ribs
c) Floating ribs
d) Fixed ribs
Answer: c) Floating ribs
36. The collar bone is scientifically known as:
a) Scapula
b) Clavicle
c) Sternum
d) Humerus
Answer: b) Clavicle
37. The shoulder blade is called:
a) Clavicle
b) Scapula
c) Patella
d) Sternum
Answer: b) Scapula
38. The knee cap is also known as:
a) Tibia
b) Fibula
c) Patella
d) Radius
Answer: c) Patella
39. Red blood cells are produced in the:
a) Heart
b) Liver
c) Bone marrow
d) Lungs
Answer: c) Bone marrow
40. Which mineral is stored inside bones?
a) Iron
b) Calcium and Phosphorus
c) Potassium
d) Sodium
Answer: b) Calcium and Phosphorus
Topic: Muscles
41. Muscles work in pairs called:
a) Synchronous pairs
b) Antagonistic pairs
c) Protagonist pairs
d) Similar pairs
Answer: b) Antagonistic pairs
42. Which muscle contracts to bend the arm at the elbow?
a) Triceps
b) Biceps
c) Quadriceps
d) Hamstrings
Answer: b) Biceps
43. Which type of muscle is voluntary and attached to bones?
a) Smooth muscle
b) Cardiac muscle
c) Skeletal/Striated muscle
d) Involuntary muscle
Answer: c) Skeletal/Striated muscle
44. Cardiac muscles are found in the:
a) Lungs
b) Heart
c) Stomach
d) Liver
Answer: b) Heart
45. Smooth muscles are:
a) Voluntary
b) Involuntary
c) Striated
d) Multinucleate
Answer: b) Involuntary
46. How many muscles does it take to smile?
a) 42
b) 17
c) 100
d) 50
Answer: b) 17
47. The hardest working muscle in the body is found in the:
a) Leg
b) Heart
c) Eye
d) Arm
Answer: c) Eye
48. Muscles can only:
a) Push
b) Pull
c) Push and Pull
d) Rotate
Answer: b) Pull
49. Which muscle helps to straighten the arm?
a) Biceps
b) Triceps
c) Calf muscle
d) Thigh muscle
Answer: b) Triceps
50. Muscles in the root of your hair cause:
a) Sweating
b) Goosebumps
c) Hair growth
d) Dandruff
Answer: b) Goosebumps
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